People entering prison are likely to have more significant health care needs than the general population, and incarcerated pregnant people have been identified as a high-risk group. Prisons also have a long history of violating people’s reproductive freedom and physical autonomy with inhumane practices such as forced sterilization and the restraining of pregnant people during labor. However, reproductive health care for incarcerated people continues to be understudied and overlooked. This brief presents the current knowledge on reproductive health care access and quality for incarcerated people and identifies research gaps and considerations for future research. This brief is part of a larger research agenda for the Prison Research and Innovation Initiative—an effort to build evidence and spur innovation to make prisons more humane, safe, and rehabilitative environments for the people who are confined and work in them.